a slayer of a

1) death;

fá (bíða, hafa, taka) bana, to die;

ráða sér bana, to commit suicide;

leiða e-n til bana, to cause one’s death (of an illness);

kominn at bana, sinking fast;

2) that which causes death, bane; slayer (fjögurra manna bani).

* * *

a, m. [Ulf. banja = πληγή; A. S. bana; Engl. bane; O. H. G. bano; v. ben below]. I. bane, death, natural or violent (properly violent); Egill tók sótt þá er hann leiddi til bana, Eg. 767; lostinn öru til bana, Fms. i. 118; kominn at bana, sinking fast, of a sick person, vii. 166. II. a bane, and so = bana-maðr, a slayer; fjögurra manna b., Nj. 8, Grág. ii. 88, Ld. 326; pl., N. G. L. i. 163: the phrase, verða e-m at bana, to slay one, may refer to I. or II: poët. fire is called bani viðar, the bane of wood, and bani Hálfs, the bane of king Half, Ýt. 6; the winter is bani orma, the bane of worms, etc., Lex. Poët.

COMPDS: banablóð, banadagr, banadrykkr, banadægr, banahögg, banakringla, banalag, banamaðr, banaorð, banaráð, banasár, banaskot, banasótt, banasæng, banasök, banatilræði, banaþúfa.

m. slayer (?).

* * *

m. one who buries, i. e. a slayer, Bkv. 10, (dub.)

(pl. -endr), m. slayer, killer (ef v. beiðir sér griða).

* * *

part. a slayer; vegandi Hrungnis, Edda 53; ef vegandi beiðir sér griða, Grág. ii. 20; kjósa e-n til veganda at vígi, Nj. 100; hlaupa til dyra svá at vegandinn megi eigi út komask … er eigi verðr við vegandann vart, Gísl. 30; veganda björg, Grág. ii. 80.

(-ta, -tr), v.

1) to perceive, espy, notice (ok er konungr þekkir, at sveinninn er heill);

þás bani Fáfnis borg of þátti (old pret. = þekti), when Fafnir’s slayer espied the burg;

2) to comprehend (mátt þú nú þat þekkja, er fyrr sagða ek þér);

3) to know, recognize (þóttist hón þekkja barnit);

4) refl., þekkjast e-t, to comply with, consent to, accept of (þeir þektust þetta boð gjarna);

þekkjast e-m, to please;

megi þér (dat.) mitt líf þekkja, may it please thee.

* * *

ð, and later t; an older pret. þátti answers to Goth. þagkjan, þahta, and occurs in old poems in four instances, which see below: [Goth. þagkjan = λογίζεσθαι; A. S. þencan, þôhte; Engl. think, pret. thought; Hel. þenkjan, pret. þahta; O. H. G. dankjan; Germ. denken, pret. dachte; whence mod. Dan. tænke; Swed. tänka; whence mod. Icel. þenkja. In the old Norse the sense of ‘to think’ is still undeveloped, and only appears in the borrowed mod. form þenkja; cp. þykkja.]

A. To perceive, know:

I. to perceive, espy, notice, of the senses; þóttuð mér, er ek þátta, Þorkcls liðar dvelja, when I espied them, O. H. L. (in a poem of A. D. 1012); þá er vígligan vögna vátt, sinn bana þátti, Haustl. (middle of the 10th century); þátti liggja á sléttri grundu sér fjarri, he espied (his sword) lying far off on the ground, Geisli (Cod. Holm., in a poem of A. D. 1154); þá er bani Fáfnis borg um þátti, when the slayer of F. espied (or visited) the burg, Og. 18; er harðhugaðr hamar um þekði, when he espied his hammer, Þkv.; er ek höll Hálfs háfa þekða’k, Gkv. 2. 13; ok er konungr þekkir at sveinninn er heill, Fb. iii. 366; þá þekði hann at tré flaut í lánni, he espied a tree floating in the surf, Mar. (pref. xl); heyra þeir vápna-brakit ok þekkja jóreykina, Al. 31; kann vera at þeir þekki eigi hvárt þar eru karlar eða konur, Ld. 276; mátt þú nú þat þ. ( comprehend) er fyrr sagða ek þér, at …, Sks. 476. This sense is now obsolete.

II. to know; þóttisk hón þekkja barnit, Finnb. 214; engi maðr var sá innan-borðs at þetta land þekti, Fms. iii. 181; svá vóru þeir líkir at hvárngan mátti þekkja frá öðrum, Bev.; fá þekt þá hluti, Sks. 119 new Ed.; þekki ek þik görla, segir hann, Fas. ii. 239. This sense is not of very frequent occurrence in old writers, but more so in mod. usage, as it has almost displaced the old kenna, q. v.

III. recipr. to know one another, Fas. iii. 535.

B. Dep. [þökk], þekkjask, to comply with; en konungrinn þekðisk meirr með einvilja sínum en með vitra manna ráði, the king followed more his own will than good men’s counsel, Fms. x. 418.

2. to be pleased; þá þektisk mér at leita hans ráða-görðar, I was pleased, I wished, Sks. 3; megi þér mitt líf þekkjask, may it please thee, Barl. 148.

II. to accept of, consent to; bauð honum þar at vera, en hann þekðisk þat, Eg. 23; þeir þökkuðu Úlfi þetta boð sitt ok þektusk þetta boð gjarna, Fær. 46; ek mun fela yðr hér.—þeir þekkjask þetta, Fms. i. 8; Eiríkr konungr þektisk þann kost, 22; þá eggjuðu höfðingjar aptr-hvarfs, en hann þekðisk eigi þat, he refused, would not, x. 413; ef þú vill mína umsjá þekkjask, vi. 104.

2. part., fám var þekkt í þeirra liði at fara seint, few of them liked to go slowly, Lv. 95.

m. giant, ogre, monster (líkir þursum at vexti); þursa ráðbani ‘slayer of giants (Thor).

* * *

(sounded þuss), m., this interesting word occurs in no other Teut. language; [Dan. tosse = a fool]:—a giant, with a notion of surliness and stupidity; þursa líki þykki mér á þér vera, ertattu til brúðar borinn, Alm. 2; þurs (gen.) ráðbani, slayer of the giants, i. e. Thor, Hým. 19; með þursi þríhöfðuðum, Skm.; líkari eru þeir þursum at vexti ok sýn enn menskum mönnum, Eg. 110; þegja skal þurs ef hann sitr nökviðr við eld, Ísl. ii. 317 (see nökviðr); hann var kominn af þursum, Fas. i. 412; þursinn ( the goblin) skautzt inn í bjargit, ii. 29; svá hefir Grettir sagt, at fyrir dalnum hafi ráðit blendingr, þurs einn, sá er Þórir hét, Grett. 137; vér skulum ginna þá sem þursa, Nj. 263; hrím-þurs, q. v.

2. a dull fellow, a dunce, Dan. tosse; so in the ditty, opt er sá í orðum nýtr, sem iðkar mentan kæra | en þursinn heimskr þegja hlýtr, sem þrjózkast við at læra, Hallgr.

3. the Rune Þ, Skm., Skálda 168.

II. a nickname, Eg.; svarti-þ., a nickname.

COMPDS: þursaberg, þursaskegg, þussasprengir.

m. a slayer, Fms. i. 215.

m. ‘blood eagle,’ in the phrase ‘rísta b.,’ to cut a blood eagle, a cruel method of putting to death in the heathen times, practised, as it seems, only on the slayer of one’s father if taken alive in a battle: the ribs were cut in the shape of an eagle and the lungs pulled through the opening, a sort of vivisection described in Orkn. ch. 8, Fas. i. 293, 354 (Ragn. S.): so king Ella was put to death by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok, Fms. iii. 225: it is called a sacrifice to Odin of the victim, cp. the phrase, ok gaf hann Óðni til sigrs sér, Orkn. l. c.; the old rite ‘marka geirsoddi,’ q. v., is analogous, not identical; cp. also upon the subject Grimm D. R. A., and Hm. 139.

* * *

(pl. bœndr, gen. bónda), m.

1) husbandman, farmer, peasant (dóttir eins lítils bónda); a yeoman, franklin, landowner (hinir stœrri bœndr);

2) master, head of a household (= húsbóndi);

3) husband (nú er bóndi dauðr, en kona lifir eptir).

* * *

a, m.: older form búandi, or even bóandi, pl. búendr or bóendr; gen. búanda, bóanda; dat. buöndum, bóöndum, Edda 28, Grág. i. 370, 371. Ó. H. 203, 209–211, 215, Nj. 14, 220; búanda (gen. pl.), 211, 212, 215–217, 220; búöndum, 219; bóandi, Grág. i. 114, 157, 187, 377, Nj. 52; but the common Icel. form is bóndi, pl. bændr; gen. dat. pl. in old writers either bónda, bóndum, or as at present keeping the æ throughout all plur. cases (bænda, (gen.) bændum): properly a part. act. from búa (turned into a noun subst., cp. frændi, fjándi), A. S. buan; Germ. bauer, and therefore originally a tiller of the ground, husbandman, but it always involved the sense of ownership, and included all owners of land (or bú, q. v.). from the petty freeholder to the franklin, and esp. the class represented by the yeoman of England generally or the statesman of Westmoreland and Cumberland: hence it came to mean the master of the house, A. S. bond and hûsbond, Engl. husband.

1. a husbandman. The law distinguishes between a grið-maðr a labourer, búðsetu-maðr a cottager, and a búandi or bóndi a man who has land and stock. In the Icel. Commonwealth only the b. (but neither cottager or labourer) could act as judge or neighbour who gave witness in acquittal of a culprit (cp. þingheyjandi); the griðmaðr could only partly be admitted to the tylptarkviðr, not to the búakviðr, Grág. i. 35, 114; ek ryð þessa tvá menn ór kviðburðinum fyrir þá sök, at þeir eru búðsetu-menn en eigi bændr, Nj. 236; cp. l. c. below, where the distinction between both is defined. The Norse law, on the other hand, distinguishes between hersir or lendir menn ( barons) and búandi, cp. the interesting passage Fms. vi. 279 (verðr mér þá lends manns nafn ekki at virðingu; nú vil ek heldr heita bóndi sem ek á ætt til); the Norse hauldr- or óðals-bóndi nearly answers to the Engl. ‘yeoman.’ In the more despotic Norway and Denmark, as in continental Europe, ‘bóndi’ became a word of contempt, denoting the common, low people, opp. to the king and his ‘men’ (hirð), the royal officers, etc.; just as the Engl. boor degenerated from A. S. gebur, Germ. bauer, Dutch boer; and in mod. Dan. bönder means plebs, a boor; such is the use of bóndi in the Fms., esp. Sverr. S. and Hák. S. In the Icel. Commonwealth the word has a good sense, and is often used of the foremost men—Sighvatr bóndi, Sturl. ii. 78; Rafn bóndi (i. e. Sveinbjarnarsson), Bs. i. Rafn. S. several times; Rútr talaði þá til Marðar, hugsa þú svá um bóndi (Mord Gigja), Nj. 3; optar hefir þú glaðari verit, búndi, en nú, 174 (of Flosi); Njáll bóndi, id.; Þorsteinn bóndi, Illugi bóndi, Gunnl. S. Ísl. ii; Björn bóndi, Safn i. 657; Björn bóndi Einarsson (Jórsalafari), Ann. 1393; Ari bóndi, Daði bóndi, Bs. ii. 474, 505; it is only opp. to the clerks (clergy) or knights, etc. This notion of the word ( a franklin) still prevails in the mind of Icelanders.

2. a husband, A. S. hûsbond; eigi var skegglauss Þorvaldr bóandi þinn, Nj. 52, Grág. i. 371, 377, Fms. i. 149; hjá hvílu búanda þíns, Nj. 14. [The learned Icel. clergyman Eyjulf on Vellir (died A. D. 1747) has written a short essay upoii the word bóndi, Icel. MSS. Bodl. no. 71.]

COMPDS:—(in mod. use always bænda- if pl., bónda- if sing.)—bónda-bani, a, m. a slayer of a bóndi, Fms. vi. 104. bónda-ból, n. (bónda-bær, m.), a farm, Grett. 96 A. bónda-dóttir, f. a bóndi’s daughter, Eg. 24, Snót 18. bónda-eiðr, m. a bundi’s oath, Gþl. 67. bónda-far, n. a bóndi’s ferry-boat, Hkr. ii. 292. bónda-fé, n. a provincial fund, Gþl. 11. bónda-fólk, n. a class of bændr, Fms. vii. 293. bónda-fylking (búanda-), f. a host of bændr, Fms. viii. 126. bónda-herr, m. an army of bændr, Fms. i. 162. bónda-hlutr. m. = bóndatíund. Fr. bónda-hus, n. a bóndi’s house, K. Þ. K. 26. bónda-hvíla, u, f. a bóndi’s bed, El. 9. bónda-kirkja (búanda-), u, f. the church belonging to the bóndi in Thingvalla, where the parliament was held; and búanda-kirkjugarðr, m. the churchyard to that church, vide Nj. and Grág. This church was erected about the middle of the 11th century, vide Kristni S., Fms. vi. 266. bónda-kona, u, f. a good wife of a bóndi, Gþl. 511. bónda-laus, adj. husband-less, widowed, Stj. 420. bónda-lega, u, f. the burial place of bændr, N. G. L. i. 368. bónda-lið, n. = bóndaherr, Fms. ii. 48. bónda-ligr, adj. farmer-like. bónda-múgr, m. a crowd, host of bændr, Fms. xi. 248. bónda-nafn, n. the name, title of bóndi, Fms. vi. 279, Gþl. 106. bónda-réttr (búanda-), m. the right of a bóndi, Fms. ix. 135. bónda-safnaðr (- samnaðr) = bóndamúgr, Hkr. ii. 307, Fms. vii. 320. bónda-skapr, m. the state of the bændr, opp. to the clergy, Bs. i. 590. bónda-son, m. the son of a bóndi, Eg. 232. bónda-tala, u, f., vera í b., to be told or counted among bændr, Fas. ii. 326. bónda-tíund, f. tithe to be paid by bændr, Vm. 104. bónda-ungi, a, m. a young bóndi, Hkr. iii. 275. bónda-val, n. the elite of bændr; var þá gott b., there were choice bændr to be found, Sturl. i. 130, Landn. 236. bónda-ætt, f. a bóndi’s extraction, Fms. vi. 278.

(gen., dat., and acc. bróður, pl. brœðr), m.

1) brother;

2) friar.

* * *

gen. dat. acc. bróður; pl. nom. acc. bræðr, gen. bræðra, dat. bræðrum: in mod. common usage irregular forms occur, as gen. sing. bróðurs; nom. sing., and gen. dat. acc. are also sometimes confounded, esp. in keeping the nom. form bróðir through all cases, or even the reverse (but rarely) in taking bróður as a nom.; another irregularity is acc. pl. with the article, bræður-nar instead of bræður-na, which latter form only survives in writing, the former in speaking. There is besides an obsolete poetical monosyllabic form brœðr, in nom. dat. acc. sing. and nom. acc. pl.; gen. sing. bræðrs; cp. such rhymes as brœðr—œðri, in a verse of Einar Skúlason (died about 1170); bræðr (dat.) Sinfjötla, Hkv. 2. 8, as nom. sing., Fagrsk. 54, v. l. (in a verse), etc., cp. Lex. Poët. This form is very rare in prose, vide however Nj., Lat. Vers. Johnsonius, 204, 333, v. 1., and a few times in Stj., e. g. síns bræðr, sinn bræðr, 160; it seems to be a Norse form, but occurs now and then in Icel. poetry even of the 15th century, e. g. bræðr nom. sing. rhymes with ræðr, Skáld H. 3. 11, G. H. M. ii. 482, but is quite strange to the spoken language: [Gr. φράτηρ; Lat. frāter; Goth. brôþar; A. S. brôðar; Engl. brother; Germ. bruder; Swed.-Dan. broder, pl. brödre]:—a brother: proverbs referring to this word—saman er bræðra eign bezt at sjá, Gísl. 17; einginn or annars bróðir í leik; móður-bræðrum verða menn líkastir, Bs. i. 134: a distinction is made between b. samfeðri or sammæðri, a brother having the same father or mother, Grág. i. 170 sqq.: in mod. usage more usual al-bróðir, brother on both sides; hálf-bróðir, a half-brother; b. skilgetinn, frater germanus móður-bróðir, a mother’s brother; föður-bróðir, a father’s brother, uncle; afa-bróðir, a grand-uncle on the father’s side; ömmu bróðir, a grand-uncle on the mother’s side; tengda-bróðir, a brother-in-law: in familiar talk an uncle is called ‘brother,’ and an aunt ‘sister.’ The ties of brotherhood were most sacred with the old Scandinavians; a brotherless man was a sort of orphan, cp. the proverb, berr er hverr á baki nema sér bróður eigi; to revenge a brother’s slaughter was a sacred duty; nú tóku þeir þetta fastmælum, at hvárr þeirra skal hefna annars eðr eptir mæla, svá sem þeir sé sambornir bræðr, Bjarn. 58: the word bróðurbani signifies a deadly foe, with whom there can be no truce, Hm. 88, Sdm. 35, Skm. 16, Hdl. 28; instances from the Sagas, Dropl. S. (in fine), Heiðarv. S. ch. 22 sqq., Grett. S. ch. 50. 92 sqq., E ch. 23, Ld. ch. 53 sqq., etc. The same feeling extended to foster-brotherhood, after the rite of blending blood has been performed; see the graphical descriptions in Fbr. S. (the latter part of the Saga), Gísl. ch. 14 sqq., etc. The universal peace of Fróði in the mythical age is thus described, that ‘no one will draw the sword even if he finds his brother’s slayer bound,’ Gs. verse 6; of the slaughter preceding and foreboding the Ragnarök ( the end of the world) it is said, that brothers will fight and put one another to death, Vsp. 46.

II. metaph.:

1. in a heathen sense; fóst-bróðir, foster-brother, q. v.; eið-bróðir, svara-bróðir, ‘oath-brother;’ leik-bróðir, play-brother, play-fellow: concerning foster-brothership, v. esp. Gísl. ii, Fbr., Fas. iii. 375 sqq., Hervar. S., Nj. 39, Ls. 9, the phrase, blanda blóði saman.

2. in a Christian sense, brother, brethren, N. T., H. E., Bs.

β. a brother, friar; Svörtu-bræðr, Blackfriars; Berfættu-bræðr, q. v.; Kórs-bræðr, Fratres Canonici, Bs., etc.

COMPDS:

I. sing., bróður-arfr, m. a brother’s inheritance, Orkn. 96, Fms. ix. 444. bróður-bani, a, m. a brother’s bane, fratricide, Ld. 236, Fms. iii. 21, vide above. bróðiir-baugr, m. weregild due to the brother, N. G. L. i. 74. bróður-blóð, n. a brother’s blood, Stj. 42. Gen. iv. 10. bróður-bætr, f. pl. weregild for a brother, Lv. 89. bróður-dauði, a, m. a brother’s death, Gísl. 24. bróður-deild, f. = bróðurhluti, Fr. bróður-dóttir, f. a brother’s daughter, niece, Grág. i. 170, Nj. 177; bróðurdóttur son, a brother’s son, N. G. L. i. 76. bróður-dráp, n. the slaying of a brother, Stj. 43, Fms. v. 290. bróður-gildr, adj. equal in right (inheritance) to a brother, Fr. bróður-gjöld, n. pl. = bróður-bætr, Eg. 312. bróður-hefnd, f. revenge for the slaying of a brother, Sturl. ii. 68. bróður-hluti, a, m. the share (as to weregild or inheritance) of a brother, Grág. ii. 175. bróður-kona, u, f. a brother’s wife, K. Á. 142. bróöur-kván, f. id., N. G. L. i. 170. bróður-lóð, n. a brother’s share of inheritance. bróður-son, m. a brother’s son, nephew, Nj. 122, Grág. i. 171, Gþl. 239, 240; bróðursona-baugr, Grág. ii. 179.

II. pl., bræðra-bani, v. bróðurbani, Fbr. 165. bræðra-búr, n. a friar’s bower in a monastery, Dipl. v. 18. bræðra-börn, n. pl. cousins (agnate), Gþl. 245. bræðra-dætr, f. pl. nieces(of brothers), Gþl. 246. bræðra-eign, f. property of brothers, Gísl. 17. bræðra-garðr, m. a ‘brothers-yard,’ monastery, D. N. bræðra-lag, n. fellowship of brethren, in heathen sense = fóstbræðralag, Hkr. iii. 300; of friars, H. E., D. I.; brotherhood, Pass. 9. 6. bræðra-mark, n. astron., the Gemini, Pr. 477. bræðra-skáli, a, m. an apartment for friars, Vm. 109. bræðra-skipti, n. division of inheritance among brothers, Hkr. iii. 52, Fas. i. 512. bræðra-synir, m. pl. cousins (of brothers), Gþl. 53.

a, m., poët. the only, i. e. the great, slayer, Hým. 22, Hkm. 3.

a, m. slayer of another man’s father, Nj. 120, Landn. 286, Fms. vi. 367, vii. 220, Fb. i. 555.

a, m. a law term, an actual slayer, homicide; opp. to ráð-bani, hald-bani, Hdl. 28, (αυτόχειρ.)

f. [A. S. heaðu- in several poët. compds; cp. Sansk. çatru and çâtayâmi; Lat. caedo; Gr. κότος]:—war, slaughter, but only in compd pr. names, Höð-broddr, Fb.; Höð, f. the name of a Valkyria (also Geira-höð), Gm.: as also of a woman, but mythical, Fas.: the name of an island in Norway: Höðr, m., gen. Haðar, dat. Heði, the name of the blind brother and ‘slayer’ of Baldr, the ‘fratricide’ or ‘Cain’ of the Edda, Vsp. 37, Vtkv. 9, Edda 17, 56: also the name of a mythol. king, whence Heðir, pl. a Norse people; and Haða-land, the county, Fb. iii. Haðar-lag, n. the metre of Höd, a kind of metre, Edda.

* * *

(-s, -ar), m.

1) poet. a highborn, noble man or warrior;

2) earl (in dignity next to the king).

* * *

m., older form earl, [Hel. erl; A. S. eorl; Engl. earl]: this word had a double sense, one old and common to the Saxons as well as the earliest Scandinavians, one later and specifically Norse, which afterwards became English through the Norse and Danish invasion, and was finally established by the Norman Conquest.

A. A gentle, noble man, a warrior, and collect. gentlefolk, as opp. to the churl folk or common people (karlar, búendr); thus the old poem Rígsmál distinguishes three classes, earls, churls, and thralls (jarla-ætt, karla-ætt, þræla-ætt); so also in A. S. eorl and ceorl are almost proverbially opposed; in the old Saxon poem Heliand, ‘erl’ is used about a hundred times = a man. Prof. Munch suggested that the name of the Teutonic people Eruli or Heruli simply represents an appellative ( warriors), which the Roman writers took to be a proper name. In the Scandin. countries this use of jarl is rare and obsolete, but remains in poët. phrases, in old saws, and in law phrases; oddar görva jarli megin, spears make the earl’s might, Mkv.; rudda ek sem jarlar forðum mér til landa, I won me lands like the earls of yore, Glúm, (in a verse): jarls yndi, an earl’s delight = a man’s delight, Hm. 96; jörlum öllum óðal batni, Gh. 21; hlaðit ér, earlar, eikiköstinn, 20; ítrar jarla-brúðir, ‘earl’s-brides,’ ladies, Gkv. 1. 3; alsnotrir jarlar, the gentle earls, 2; eggja ek yðr, jarlar, Am. 54; jarla einbani, ‘earl-slayer’ = ανδροκτόνος, Em., Hkm.; karl-fólk ok jarla, churlfolk and earl folk, Sighvat; eitt mein sækir hvern jarl, every earl (man) has his ill luck, Fb. ii. (in a verse): in the law, jarls jörð, an earl’s estate, is opp. to konungs jörð, a king’s estate, in the phrase, hálfan rétt skal hann taka er hann kömr á jarls jörð, en þá allan ok fullan er hann kömr á konungs jörð, Grág. (Kb.) i. 192, for this is undoubtedly the bearing of this disputed passage; jarlmaðr is opp. to búkarl, Fms. vii. (in a verse); so also karlmaðr (q. v.) in its oldest sense is opp. to jarlmaðr, = churl-man and earl-man; hirð-jarl = hirðmaðr, Fms. xi. 302, v. l.; berg-jarl, poët. a ‘crag-earl’ = a giant, Edda (in a verse); bak-jarl, a ‘back-earl,’ an enemy in one’s rear; of-jarl (q. v.), an ‘over-earl,’ an overbearing man.

B. A chief, as a title, specially Norse and Danish. The Landnáma, which is almost our only source for the political and personal history of Norway before king Harald Fairhair and the settlement of Iceland, records several chiefs of the 8th and 9th centuries who bore an earl’s name as a family dignity; Ívarr Upplendinga-jarl (Upplönd, a Norse county), Asbjörn jarl Skerja-blesi, Eyvindr jarl, 317; Atli jarl Mjóvi af Gaulum (a Norse county), Þorkell Naumdæla-jarl (earl in Naumdale, a Norse county), 281; Grjótgarðr jarl í Sölva (a county), 297: and as a family title, the famous Háleygja-jarlar (the earls of the Norse county Hálogaland, whose pedigree from Odin was drawn out in the old poem Háleygja-tal; Hákon jarl Grjótgarðsson, etc.): so also the Mæra-jarlar, the earls of Mæri (a Norse county), the foremost of whom was Rögnvaldr Mæra-jarl, the forefather of the earls of the Orkneys (Orkneyja-jarlar) and the earls of Rouen (Rúðu-jarlar = the dukes of Normandy).

II. along with the Danish and Norse invasion the name appears in England, Bjartmár jarl in Ireland, Landn.; Hunda-Steinarr, an earl in England, id.; see also the Saxon Chronicle passim, where the very name indicates a Danish or Norse connexion. It is very likely that many of the earls of the Landnáma were sovereign chiefs, differing from kings only in title, for in old poetry a king and an earl were addressed in the same way.

III. about the time of Harald Fairhair all the petty chiefs became liegemen under one king, the earl being in dignity nearest the king, answering to comes in mid. Lat. and graf in Germ. In Scandinavia both name and office became extinct about the 13th century: in Iceland, being a commonwealth, it never took root; see however Gizur jarl (died A. D. 1268) in the Sturlunga.—For references see the Sagas passim, esp. Har. S. Harf. ch. 6.

IV. in eccl. translation the Roman procurator provinciae is often rendered by jarl, e. g. Pílatus jarl, earl Pilate, Ver. 67, Pass. 20. 2.

COMPDS: jarlakappi, jarlaskáld, Jarlasögur, jarlsefni, jarlsmaðr, jarlsníð, jarlsríki, jarlssæti.

m. hero, champion, man of valour (kappi mikill, kappar konungs).

* * *

a, m. [a Teut. word, noticed by Plutarch, Marius ch. 11—κίμβρους ὀνομάζουσι Γερμανοι τους ληστάς; see also kapp]:—a hero, champion, man of valour; konungr sá er kappi þykkir, Hkm. 14; ólusk í ætt þar æztir kappar, Hdl. 17; átti áðr kappi, Am. 98; þá bjó Arnórr í Reykjahlíð, kappi mikill, … ok má af því marka hverr k. hann var, Lv. 3; þessa búð á Þorkell hákr, kappi mikill (cp. Germ. handegen), Nj. 184; eru í Reykjadal kappar miklir? 32; gíslinn var kappi mikill, ok bauð Þangbrandi á pataldr, Bs. i. 9; hverjir berjask skulu móti þess köppum af þeirra liði, Fms. xi. 126.

2. in a special sense, an elect champion, answering to the knight of the Middle Ages; þessir kappar vóru með Haraldi konungi, Fas. i. 379; því var Björn síðan Kappi kallaðr, Bjarn. 11; Hrólf Kraka ok Kappa hans, Fb. ii. 136; með honum (the king) ok hans Köppum, Fas. i. 35: Kappar konungs, 69; Hrólfr konungr ok allir hans Kappar ok stórmenni, 76, 79, 91, 95, 101, 102, 105, 108; Hrólfr konungr býsk nú til ferðar með hundrað manna, ok auk Kappar hans tólf ok berserkir tólf, 77; upp upp, allir Kappar! 100, Skjöld. S. ch. 8, 9 (Fas. i. 379–385); kappa-lið, a troop of champions, warriors, Grett. 84; kappa-tala, a tale or roll of champions, Fms. iii. 157; kappa-val, choice of champions, ii. 315.

II. even as a nickname of some choice champions; Björn Breiðvíkinga-kappi, Eb.; Björn Hitdæla-kappi, Bjarn.; Vébjörn Sygna-kappi, Landn.; Hildibrandr Húna-kappi; Ásmundr Kappa-bani, a slayer of champions, Fas.

* * *

(-ta, -tr), v.

1) to light up, illuminate (sól skal l. allan heim ok verma); impers., ok lýsir allt lopt af faxi hans, and from his mane is lighted up all the sky; lýsir af e-u, it shines, glitters (lýsti ok af hjálminum, er sólin skein á); lýsir, it gets light, it dawns (um morguninn, er lýsa tók);

2) to manifest, show, exhibit (Heinir lýstu mikinn drengskap);

3) to proclaim, publish, give notice of, as a law term; with acc., l. frumhlaup, sár, víg á hendr e-m, to charge one with, indict one for, an assault, wound, manslaughter; with dat., l. vígi á hendr sér, to declare oneself to be the cause of a death;

4) to publish, proclaim, with dat. (lýsir hann þingreið sinni); l. yfir e-u, to make known (S. lýsir erindi sínu fyrir jarli);

5) impers., nú lýsir hér yfir því, at hún, now it became clear, that she;

6) to illuminate (a book).

f. gleam, shimmering light (ek sé lýsu nökkura til hafsins).

* * *

t, [ljós; Dan. lyse; Swed. liusa], to lighten, illumine; hón (the sun) skal lýsa allan heim ok verma, Sks. 38; sól lýsir tungl, Rb. 448, passim, Hom. 128, MS. 656 C. 2; æ lýsir mön af mari, to shed light, Vþm.; lýsa blinda, to give light to the blind, 677. 5, 656 B. 12:—to light up, lýsa lampa, Str. 18, Sks. ii. 177: lýsa kirkju, to light up a church, D. I. passim, Vm. passim: to illuminate a book, en Magnus prestr hefir skrifat upp þaðan, ok lýst alla, Fb. (inscription):—of the daylight, to dawn, lítt var lýst af degi, Ld. 46; um morguninn er lýsa tók, Fms. i. 111; þegar er lítt var lýst, Ó. H. 115.

2. impers. it shines, beams; lýsti ok mjök af hjálmi hans er sólin skein á, Fms. i. 44; fyrir þínar sakar lýsir allan heim, by thee light shines on all the world, Hom. 31.

II. metaph. to explain, Sks. 193, 587.

2. to manifest, shew, exhibit; lýsa ótrúleik, Eg. 64; lýsa hug sinn, to declare one’s mind, Grág. i. 8; Heinir lýstu mikinn drengskap, Fms. ix. 344: pass., sem lýsisk í sögunni, xi. 440; hann lýsti meir í því ríki sitt ok þrályndi en réttlæti, Bs. i. 17; ok sagði hvern fjandskap menn höfðu þar við hann lýst, 19; segir at þau lýsti mikla þverlyndi ok ákaflyndi í þessu, Ó. H. 144.

3. to proclaim, publish, give notice of, as a law term: with acc., menn skulu í dag ok á morgun lýsa sakar þær allar, er til fjórðungs-dóms skulu …, ef maðr vill lýsa sök á hönd manni, Grág. i. 18; lýsa frumhlaup, sár, eðr víg á hendr manni, to charge a person, make an indictment against, ii. 34; víg lýsir þú, Hkv. 2. 8.

β. with dat., lýsa vígi á hendr sér, to declare oneself to be the cause of a death; immediately after the deed the slayer had to declare himself, otherwise the deed was counted for murder, see the remarks s. v. morð, and the Laws and Sagas passim.

γ. to publish, proclaim, with dat.; hón lýsti því, at hón myndi til alþingis ríða, Nj. 12; Halldórr lýsir þingreið sinni, Ld. 236; lýsa dómum sínum, Sks. 641:—lýsa e-u yfir, better is lýsa yfir e-u, to make known, Fms. viii. 93, xi. 6: impers., nú lýsir hér yfir því, er margir mæltu, at hón þótti nokkut vergjörn, xi. 25: absol., ef maðr lýsir til fimmtardóms um bjargir manna, Grág. i. 73; hann skal lýsa et næsta sumar til fram-færslu þess ómaga, 129.

δ. to publish the bans of marriage.

(gen. manns, pl. menn, with the art. menninir), m.

1) man (irrespective of sex), human being (guð skapaði síðarst menn tvá, er ættir eru frá komnar);

sýndi maðr manni, one showed it to another, it went from from hand to hand;

fjöldi manns, a great number of people;

múgr manns, crowd of people;

2) degree in kinship;

vera at þriðja, fjórða, fimta manni, to be related in the third, fourth, fifth degree;

hann var manni firr en systrungr Bárðar, he was the son of a cousin of B.;

3) man, opp. to kona( síðan fór hann til manna sinna).

* * *

m., qs. mann-r, which form also occurs in old poets, engi mannr und ranni, Vellekla, (for the change of nn before r into ð see the introduction to letter N); gen. manns, dat. manni, acc. mann, plur. menn, qs. menn-r; with the article, menninir, so always in old writers, but in mod. mennirnir erroneously, as if from mennir: the plur. meðr, answering to the sing. maðr, occurs in old poets—meðr vituð öðling æðra, Fms. vii. 87 (in a verse); Norð-meðr róa naðri, vi. 309 (in a verse); meðr fengu mikit veðr, Edda 102; hirð-meðr, veðja, Rekst., all verses of the 11th and 12th centuries; er meðr Myrkvið kalla, Akv. 5: meðr hlutu sár, Fbr. 75 new Ed. (in a verse): gen. pl. manna, dat. mönnum, acc. menn. In Ballads and Rímur after the 15th century, and hence in eccl. writers of later times, a nom. mann is now and then used, esp. in compds influenced by Germ. and Engl., e. g. hreysti-mann, Skíða R. 58; or for the sake of rhyme, ætla þú ekki, aumr mann | af komast muni strafflaust hann, Pass. 14. 17: [Ulf. manna = ἄνθρωπος; in other Teut. languages spelt man, or better mann.]

B. A man = Lat. homo, Gr. ἄνθρωπος, also people; eigi vil ek segja frá manninum þvíat mér er maðrinn skyldr, þat er frá manni at segja, at maðr er vel auðigr at fé, Nj. 51; mennskr maðr, a manlike man, a human being, opp. to giants or beings of superhuman strength, Gm. 31; menn eru hér komnir ef menn skal kalla, en líkari eru þeir þursum at vexti ok sýn en mennskum mönnum, Eg. 110; flýjum nú! ekki er við menn um at eiga, Nj. 97; þat hafa gamlir menn mælt, at þess manns mundi hefnt verða ef hann félli á grúfu, Eg. 107; þeir ungu menn ( the young people) elskask sín í millum, Mar.; þótt nökkut væri þústr á með enum yngrum mönnum, Ld. 200; fjöldi manns, múgr manns, Fms. ii. 45, 234, xi. 245; þykkir mönnum nökkur várkunn til þess, 192; var þat margra manna mál, at …, Eg. 537, Fms. i. 45; er þat íllt manni? Eg. 604; sá maðr, that person, K. Þ. K. 4; manna beztr, fríðastr …, the best, fairest … of men, passim; allra manna bezt, beyond all men, best of all men, Bs. i. 67; kona var enn þriði maðr, Hkr. iii. 184; hvárr þeirra manna, each of the wedded fair, Grág. i. 476; góðir menn, good men! in addressing, passim: allit., Guði ok góðum mönnum, to God and all good men, Bs. i. 68: sayings, maðr skal eptir mann lifa, man shall live after man (as a consolation), Eg. 322: maðr er manns gaman, man is man’s comfort, Hm. 46; whence huggun er manni mönnum at, Pass. 2. 10: maðr eptir mann, man after man, in succession; or, maðr af manni, man after man, in turn: sýndi maðr manni, man shewed it to man, it went round from hand to hand, Fms. vi. 216; nú segir maðr manni þessi fagnaðar-tíðendi, Bs. i. 181, Þiðr. 142; kunni þat maðr manni at segja at Bróðir felldi Brján, Nj. 275.

2. phrases, þat veit menn (the verb in sing., the noun in plur.), every one knows that! to be sure! Art. 31, 62, Karl. 48; meðr of veit, Sighvat: mod. viti menn! with a notion of irony; thus also menn segja, men say, (in old poët. usage elliptically, kveða = Lat. dicunt, Vþm. 24, 26, 28, 30, Gm. 13, Hdl. 42, Hm. 11; kváðu, people said, Vm. 33): the sing. maðr = Fr. on, mod. Dan. man (in Dan. man siger), is not vernacular.

3. in compds. kvenn-maðr, a woman; karl-maðr, a man: of families, Mýra-menn, Síðu-menn, Landn.: inhabitants, people, Norð-menn, Norsemen; Noregs-menn, the men of Norway; Athenu-menn, Athenians; Korintu-menn, Corinthians; of condition of life, leik-menn, laymen; kenni-menn, clergymen; búand-menn, peasants; valds-menn, rulers; kaup-menn, merchants; sjó-menn, seamen; vinnu-menn, labourers.

4. degree in a lineage: at þriðja, fjórða, fimta … manni, in the third, fourth, fifth … degree, Grág. i. 321; manni firnari en systrungr …, one degree remoter than …, used of odd degrees (e. g. four on one side and three on the other), ii. 172; hann var manni firr en systrungr Bárðar, he was an odd second cousin of B., Bárð. 165; hence tví-menningar, þrí-menningar, fjór-menningar …, a second, third, fourth … cousin, passim.

II. a man. Lat. vir; vér höfum þrjú skip ok hundruð manna á hverju, Fas. ii. 521; síðan fór hann til manna sinna, Fms. v. 514; greiða eyri gulls hverjum manni, 178; hann fór með of manns yfir landit, iv. 146; and so in countless instances: Sigurðar-menn, the followers of S.; Tuma-menn, konungs-menn, Krist-menn, kross-menn, vii. 293, 299, Ó. H. 216.

2. a husband; Guð er Kristinnar andar maðr er honum giptisk í trú, Greg. 31: freq. in mod. usage, maðrinn minn, my husband! dóttur-maðr, a son-in-law.

3. metaph., vera maðr fyrir e-u, to be man enough for it, able to do it; eg er ekki maðr fyrir því, maðr til þess, id.; hann sýndisk eigi maðr til at setjask í svá háleitt sæti, Bs. i. 743; mikill, lítill, maðr fyrir sér, to be a great, strong, weak man, and the like.

III. the Rune m, see introduction.

C. COMPDS, manns- and manna-: manns-aldr, m. a man’s life, generation, 623. 10, Fms. viii. 240, Fas. i. 406. manns-bani, a, m. ‘man’s bane,’ a man-slayer, Js. 49, Ni. 119. manns-barn, n. a ‘man’s bairn;’ in the phrase, hvert m., every child of man, Sturl. i. 47. manna-bein, n. pl. human bones, Fms. i. 230. manns-blóð, n. human blood, Nj. 59, Fms. iii. 125. manna-búkar, m. pl. corpses of slain, Fms. iii. 7, xi. 355. manna-bygð, f. human abodes, opp. to the wilderness, Fms. i. 215. manna-bær, m. dwelling-houses, Ann. 1390. manns-bætr, f. pl. weregild, Eg. 259. manns-efni, n. a man to be; gott-m. (see efni), Eg. 368, Fms. i. 174, Fær. 231. manna-farvegr, m. a foot-path, Gþl. 539. manns-fingr, m. a human finger. manna-forráð, n. ‘man-sway,’ rule, dominion; the godord or priesthood is often in the Laws and Sagas so called, Hrafn. 21, Nj. 149, Grág., Ísl. ii. 402, Fms. x. 45. manna-forræði, n. = mannaforráð, Nj. 231, Ld. 310. manns-fótr, m. a human foot, Hkr. ii. 114. manna-fundr, m. a meeting of men, Grág. i. 420. manns-fylgja, u, f., or manna-fylgjur, f. pl. fetches of men, Lv. 69, Fs. 68; see fylgja. manna-för, n. pl. men’s footprints, Eg. 578. manna-grein, f. distinction of men, Fms. viii. 21. manns-hauss, m. a human skull, Þorf. Karl. 242. manns-hár, n. human hair, Edda 4, Fas. iii. 266. manns-hold, n. human flesh, Fms. xi. 235. manna-hugir, m. pl., see hugr III. 2, Háv. 55, Þórð. 17 new Ed. manna-hús, n. pl. men’s houses, Fbr. 77: human abodes. manns-höfuð, manna-höfuð, m. (he human head, K. Á. 1, Fms. x. 280, Nj. 275. manns-hönd, f. a human hand, Fas. i. 66. manns-kona, u, f. a man’s wife, married woman, Grág. i. 335, 337, 341, 344, 380, Bs. i. 777, Sks. 340. manna-lát, n. the loss of men, loss of life, death, Nj. 248, Eg. 585, Orkn. 296. manns-lát, n. a person’s death, decease; heyra mannslát, to hear of a person’s death. manns-líf, n. man’s life, Hom. 6. manns-líki, n. human shape, Edda 9. manna-lof, n. praise of men, Hom. 83. manna-mál, n. human voices, human speech, Nj. 154; or manns-mál, id., in the phrase, það heyrist ekki mannsmál, no man’s voice can be heard, of a great noise. manna-missir, m. the loss of men, Sturl. iii. 7, Fas. ii. 552. manns-morð, n. murder, N. G. L. i. 256. manna-mót, n. = mannfundr, Grág. i. 343. manns-mót, n. manly mien, ‘manfulness,’ Fms. i. 149, xi. 86; þat er mannsmót að honum, he looks like a true man. manna-munr, m. distinction, difference of men, Bs. i. 855. manna-múgr, m. a crowd of people, Fær. 12. manns-mynd, f. the human shape, Stj. 147. manna-reið, f. (a body of) horsemen, Nj. 206. manna-samnaðr, m. = mannsafnaðr, Ísl. ii. 83. manna-seta, u, f. men staying in a place, Ld. 42. manna-skipan, f. the placing of people, as at a banquet, in battle, Korm. 62, Sturl. i. 20, ii. 237. manna-skipti, n. pl. exchange of men, Germ. auswechselung, Hkr. i. 8. manna-slóð, f. ‘man’s sleuth,’ a track of men, Sturl. i. 83. manna-spor, n. pl. men’s footprints. Sturl. ii. 90, Eg. 578, Landn. 191. manna-styrkr, m. help, Þórð. 74. manna-sættir, m. a daysman, peacemaker, Fms. x. 51, Eb. manna-taka, u, f. a reception of men, strangers, Fb. ii. 194. manna-tal, n. = manntal, Hkr. ii. 340. manns-váði, a, m. danger of life, Fms. viii. 224. manna-vegr, m. a road where men pass, opp. to a wilderness, Grett. 115 A, Ld. 328. manna-verk, n. pl. = mannvirki, man’s work, work by human hands, Fb. i. 541. manns-verk, n. work to be done by a person, N. G. L. i., 38, Gþl. 114. manna-vist, f. a human abode. Fms. i. 226, Jb. 9, Orkn. 434. manns-vit, n. ‘man’s wit,’ human understanding, reason, Nj. 106. manna-völd, n. pl.; in the phrase, e-t er af manna-völdum, it is due to human causes, not by natural causes, e. g. of a fire, the disappearance of a thing, or the like, Nj. 76, Fms. ii. 146, iii. 98. manns-vöxtr, m. a man’s stature, Fas. ii. 508, Hom. 112. manna-þengill, m. king of men, the name of Njörð, Gm. 16, Edda 104. manns-æði, n. human bearing, behaviour. manns-æfi, f. man’s lifetime; mart kann skipask á mannsæfinni, a saying, Fms. vii. 156; mart verðr á mannsætinni, útítt var þat þá er vér vórum ungir, Fær. 195.

a, m. a man-slayer, murderer, Gþl. 22, Stj. 13.

manndrápa-maðr, m. a man-slayer, murderer, Fms. xi. 226, Stj. 517, Hkr. i. 155.

m. a killer, slayer; verða s. e-s, to slay, Fær. 200, Fms, vii. 202, Al. 106, Js. 30.